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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hermitescher Operator</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p><b>Hermitesche Operatoren</b>, benannt nach <a href="Charles_Hermite" title="Charles Hermite">Charles Hermite</a>, sind in der Mathematik betrachtete <a href="Linearer_Operator" title="Linearer Operator">Operatoren</a>, die eine zentrale Rolle in der <a href="Mathematische_Struktur_der_Quantenmechanik" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematische Struktur der Quantenmechanik">mathematischen Struktur der Quantenmechanik</a> spielen. Der Begriff des hermiteschen Operators wird in der Literatur uneinheitlich definiert, in diesem Artikel werden besonders die physikalischen Sicht- und Schreibweisen verwendet.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unterschiedliche_Konventionen">Unterschiedliche Konventionen</h2></div>
<p>Der Begriff des hermiteschen Operators wird in der Literatur uneinheitlich definiert.
So kommt in manchen mathematischen Darstellungen der Begriff „hermitescher Operator“ überhaupt nicht vor; stattdessen werden sogenannte <a href="Symmetrischer_Operator" title="Symmetrischer Operator">symmetrische</a>, symmetrische dicht definierte, <a href="Wesentlich_selbstadjungierter_Operator" class="mw-redirect" title="Wesentlich selbstadjungierter Operator">wesentlich selbstadjungierte</a> und <a href="Selbstadjungierter_Operator" title="Selbstadjungierter Operator">selbstadjungierte</a> Operatoren betrachtet.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unterschiede treten erst in unendlichdimensionalen Räumen auf, die jedoch für physikalische Anwendungen wichtig sind.
</p><p>In der physikalischen Literatur wird dagegen der Begriff des „symmetrischen Operators“ in der Regel gar nicht verwendet: stattdessen redet man von vornherein von hermiteschen Operatoren (genauer müsste man sagen: „hermitesch im engeren Sinne“ <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), um zu betonen, dass man es nicht mit reellen, sondern mit komplexen Hilberträumen zu tun hat. In den späteren Kapiteln der physikalischen Standard-Lehrbücher werden mit „hermiteschen Operatoren“ (genauer: „hermitesch im weiteren Sinn“) in der Regel selbstadjungierte Operatoren<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bezeichnet (der etwas subtile Unterschied wird oft vernachlässigt oder durch <a href="Synonymie" class="mw-redirect" title="Synonymie">Synonyme</a> wie „hypermaximal hermitesche Operatoren“ anstelle der „selbstadjungierten Operatoren“ vereinfacht<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).
</p><p>Die hier gewählte Darstellung ist ein Kompromiss, indem zwar der Begriff des „symmetrischen Operators“ auch für die komplexwertigen Hilberträume der Physik verwendet wird, aber sonst die Konventionen der Physiker mit der Identifikation „hermitesch = selbstadjungiert“ benutzt werden, wie das etwa in den Lehrbüchern von <a href="Albert_Messiah" title="Albert Messiah">Albert Messiah</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> zu finden ist. Die hier gegebene Darstellung richtet sich also zunächst an physikalisch interessierte Leser, weshalb auch die auf <a href="Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a> zurückgehende <a href="Bra-Ket" class="mw-redirect" title="Bra-Ket">Bra-Ket</a>-Notation verwendet wird, die gewisse mathematische Subtilitäten in den Hintergrund treten lässt. Auf diese wird aber im Abschnitt <i>Mathematische Bemerkungen</i> eingegangen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitionen">Definitionen</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operator">Operator</h3></div>
<p>Sei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> ein Operator auf einem <a href="Hilbertraum" title="Hilbertraum">Hilbertraum</a>, das heißt eine Abbildung auf diesem Hilbertraum in sich. Die Elemente dieses Hilbertraums werden als Ket-Vektoren <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\varphi \rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
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<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\varphi \rangle }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/66b05bc04322b5f34a11c4d6985ac7e350d6f75e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.072ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\varphi \rangle }" loading="lazy"></span> geschrieben und repräsentieren oft Funktionen aus <a href="Lp-Raum" title="Lp-Raum"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ba162c66ca85776c83557af5088cc6f8584d1912.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.637ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>-Räumen</a>, z. B. die Wellenfunktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi ({\vec {r}},t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi ({\vec {r}},t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/55a73abbb40ed62014dbcc2bba6fb0f35164cc4d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.426ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi ({\vec {r}},t)}" loading="lazy"></span> eines <a href="Quantenmechanischer_Zustand" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantenmechanischer Zustand">quantenmechanischen Zustands</a>. Ein solcher Operator transformiert einen Vektor in einen anderen:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\psi \rangle =A|\varphi \rangle .}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\psi \rangle =A|\varphi \rangle .}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3b79c74c95fc9f1c2a296c32880400b05c8b20ea.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.625ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\psi \rangle =A|\varphi \rangle .}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Dabei wird nicht gefordert, dass <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> für jeden Vektor definiert ist; oft gelingt eine solche Zuordnung nur für Vektoren eines dichten Teilraums. Ist zum Beispiel der Hilbertraum ein <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ba162c66ca85776c83557af5088cc6f8584d1912.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.637ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>-Raum und der Operator ein Ableitungsoperator, so kann er nur auf differenzierbare Funktionen wirken.
</p><p>Der Operator <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> soll linear sein, um das physikalisch relevante <a href="Superposition_(Physik)" title="Superposition (Physik)">Superpositionsprinzip</a> zu sichern. Die komplexe Zahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \langle \chi |\psi \rangle =\langle \chi |\left(A|\varphi \rangle \right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>χ<!-- χ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>χ<!-- χ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \langle \chi |\psi \rangle =\langle \chi |\left(A|\varphi \rangle \right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/08fffb3f48882262b393f8a5ab9d04968139599d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.541ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \langle \chi |\psi \rangle =\langle \chi |\left(A|\varphi \rangle \right)}" loading="lazy"></span>, also das Skalarprodukt von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\psi \rangle =A|\varphi \rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\psi \rangle =A|\varphi \rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68bec2ab852f4b4b9141f156d19a999c860693c2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.978ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\psi \rangle =A|\varphi \rangle }" loading="lazy"></span> mit einem Bra-Vektor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \langle \chi |}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>χ<!-- χ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \langle \chi |}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4d2cb0055169ed38e73876690379a68e47d6cb62.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.007ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \langle \chi |}" loading="lazy"></span> eines weiteren Zustands, wird in der Physik durchgängig als das Matrixelement von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \,A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \,A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f9640470f4f8570957bc5602d1b065e8a8a7035e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.13ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \,A}" loading="lazy"></span> bezeichnet.
</p><p>Bisweilen wird über das Operatorsymbol noch ein Dach gesetzt, um die Wirkung des Operators <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {A}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {A}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f595a6c73d1183d6a1b2ac21fe47ac28c1483821.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {A}}}" loading="lazy"></span> auf einen Vektor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\varphi \rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\varphi \rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/66b05bc04322b5f34a11c4d6985ac7e350d6f75e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.072ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\varphi \rangle }" loading="lazy"></span> von der Multiplikation des Vektors mit einer komplexen Zahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> zu unterscheiden. Das ist aber nur dann erforderlich, wenn man Operatoren und ihre Eigenwerte mit demselben Buchstaben bezeichnen will, man kann dann eine Eigenwertgleichung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {A}}|\varphi \rangle =A|\varphi \rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {A}}|\varphi \rangle =A|\varphi \rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3f3e9f8508d70b2be9adf625b10fa2f54bf90ab9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.76ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {A}}|\varphi \rangle =A|\varphi \rangle }" loading="lazy"></span> schreiben. Davon wird in diesem Artikel kein Gebrauch gemacht.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adjungierter_Operator">Adjungierter Operator</h3></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→ </span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Adjungierter_Operator" title="Adjungierter Operator">Adjungierter Operator</a></i></div>
<p>Der zu <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> adjungierte Operator <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A^{\dagger }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>†<!-- † --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A^{\dagger }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/253906923e0ca67ef31e4e2d99b9783ba62bebc5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.705ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A^{\dagger }}" loading="lazy"></span> <sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ist dadurch definiert, dass seine Matrixelemente die konjugiert komplexen Zahlen der transponierten Matrixelemente von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \,A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \,A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f9640470f4f8570957bc5602d1b065e8a8a7035e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.13ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \,A}" loading="lazy"></span> sind, wenn man Bra und Ket miteinander vertauscht:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \langle \chi |\left(A^{\dagger }|\varphi \right)\rangle =\left[\;\langle \varphi |\left(A|\chi \right)\rangle \;\right]^{*}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>χ<!-- χ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>†<!-- † --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mrow>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>χ<!-- χ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
</mrow>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \langle \chi |\left(A^{\dagger }|\varphi \right)\rangle =\left[\;\langle \varphi |\left(A|\chi \right)\rangle \;\right]^{*}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/db0b65bb79ff8e950bc439d0d4839a515e9bf3e5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:28.702ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \langle \chi |\left(A^{\dagger }|\varphi \right)\rangle =\left[\;\langle \varphi |\left(A|\chi \right)\rangle \;\right]^{*}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Daher ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \langle \varphi |A^{\dagger }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>†<!-- † --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \langle \varphi |A^{\dagger }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8f1f58b7ebb6b284a5fbb5d1b417773b3621aebf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.777ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \langle \varphi |A^{\dagger }}" loading="lazy"></span> der Bra, der dem Ket <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A|\varphi \rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A|\varphi \rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6acae6d4071fd9ac72d86ccfe0b825b3750fc00a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.815ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A|\varphi \rangle }" loading="lazy"></span> zugeordnet ist, und man kann im Matrixelement ohne Gefahr einer Verwechselung auf die runden Klammern verzichten.
</p><p>Ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\varphi \rangle =|\chi \rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>χ<!-- χ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\varphi \rangle =|\chi \rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2729197842c1ba5e6325068b9efe40b130b074cc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.177ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\varphi \rangle =|\chi \rangle }" loading="lazy"></span>, wird das Matrixelement der <i>Erwartungswert von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \,A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \,A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f9640470f4f8570957bc5602d1b065e8a8a7035e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.13ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \,A}" loading="lazy"></span> im Zustand <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\varphi \rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\varphi \rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/66b05bc04322b5f34a11c4d6985ac7e350d6f75e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.072ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\varphi \rangle }" loading="lazy"></span></i> genannt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hermitescher_Operator">Hermitescher Operator</h3></div>
<p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> heißt <i>formal selbstadjungiert</i> (oder, im physikalischen Sprachgebrauch üblich, <i>hermitesch</i>), wenn <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A=A^{\dagger }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>†<!-- † --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A=A^{\dagger }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5b0172f64d4ec7fe8a6b02d03eee5d19a930597e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.547ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A=A^{\dagger }}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Dann gilt für seine Matrixelemente <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \langle \chi |A|\varphi \rangle =\left[\;\langle \varphi |A|\chi \rangle \;\right]^{*}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>χ<!-- χ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mrow>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>χ<!-- χ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
</mrow>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \langle \chi |A|\varphi \rangle =\left[\;\langle \varphi |A|\chi \rangle \;\right]^{*}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fc367dd5cc188ffd6f0f77595560489ffa7d393e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:22.379ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \langle \chi |A|\varphi \rangle =\left[\;\langle \varphi |A|\chi \rangle \;\right]^{*}}" loading="lazy"></span>.
Alle Erwartungswerte sind dann reell, denn für jeden Vektor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\varphi \rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\varphi \rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/66b05bc04322b5f34a11c4d6985ac7e350d6f75e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.072ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\varphi \rangle }" loading="lazy"></span> aus dem Definitionsbereich gilt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \langle \varphi |A|\varphi \rangle =\left[\;\langle \varphi |A|\varphi \rangle \;\right]^{*}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mrow>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
</mrow>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \langle \varphi |A|\varphi \rangle =\left[\;\langle \varphi |A|\varphi \rangle \;\right]^{*}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a1dc6ef0e0d45660295a7071ad1a57f95451634c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:22.509ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \langle \varphi |A|\varphi \rangle =\left[\;\langle \varphi |A|\varphi \rangle \;\right]^{*}}" loading="lazy"></span>.
Dann ist auch jeder Eigenwert von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \,A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \,A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f9640470f4f8570957bc5602d1b065e8a8a7035e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.13ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \,A}" loading="lazy"></span> reell, denn die Eigenwerte sind die Erwartungswerte zu den jeweiligen normierten Eigenvektoren. Da in der Quantenmechanik alle messbaren Größen (<a href="Observable" title="Observable">Observablen</a>) durch Erwartungs- oder Eigenwerte von Operatoren dargestellt werden, muss es sich hierbei um hermitesche Operatoren handeln, damit die vorhergesagten Messergebnisse reell sind.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beispiele">Beispiele</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="X-Koordinate">X-Koordinate</h3></div>
<p>In der Ortsdarstellung betrachtet man den Raum <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L^{2}(\mathbb {R} ^{3})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L^{2}(\mathbb {R} ^{3})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fea82a03183a3de22485cf18c7c1e78e83848940.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.179ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L^{2}(\mathbb {R} ^{3})}" loading="lazy"></span> aller quadrat-integrablen Funktionen auf dem dreidimensionalen Anschauungsraum. Typische hermitesche Operatoren sind etwa die Multiplikation mit der <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span>-Koordinate zur Messung der <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span>-Koordinate des Aufenthaltsortes eines Teilchens,
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A|\psi (x,y,z)\rangle =|x\,\psi (x,y,z)\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A|\psi (x,y,z)\rangle =|x\,\psi (x,y,z)\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5932ab7c51534802ff25ef985712251a5d91b191.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:27.589ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A|\psi (x,y,z)\rangle =|x\,\psi (x,y,z)\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>oder der <a href="Hamilton-Operator" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamilton-Operator">Hamilton-Operator</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -{\frac {\hbar ^{2}}{2m}}\Delta +V(x,y,z)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ<!-- ℏ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -{\frac {\hbar ^{2}}{2m}}\Delta +V(x,y,z)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/57c157d4185600641be85a79163f2742d9f4a11f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:19.861ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -{\frac {\hbar ^{2}}{2m}}\Delta +V(x,y,z)}" loading="lazy"></span> zur Bestimmung der Energie
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A|\psi (x,y,z)\rangle =|-{\frac {\hbar ^{2}}{2m}}\left({\frac {\partial ^{2}}{\partial x^{2}}}+{\frac {\partial ^{2}}{\partial y^{2}}}+{\frac {\partial ^{2}}{\partial z^{2}}}\right)\psi (x,y,z)+V(x,y,z)\,\psi (x,y,z)\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ<!-- ℏ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A|\psi (x,y,z)\rangle =|-{\frac {\hbar ^{2}}{2m}}\left({\frac {\partial ^{2}}{\partial x^{2}}}+{\frac {\partial ^{2}}{\partial y^{2}}}+{\frac {\partial ^{2}}{\partial z^{2}}}\right)\psi (x,y,z)+V(x,y,z)\,\psi (x,y,z)\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d2499be5d63d7e656d9677846878cc3228b32e5f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:77.262ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A|\psi (x,y,z)\rangle =|-{\frac {\hbar ^{2}}{2m}}\left({\frac {\partial ^{2}}{\partial x^{2}}}+{\frac {\partial ^{2}}{\partial y^{2}}}+{\frac {\partial ^{2}}{\partial z^{2}}}\right)\psi (x,y,z)+V(x,y,z)\,\psi (x,y,z)\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V(x,y,z)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V(x,y,z)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6a5b010b235de89e0c9fd4cb4063baca8349a416.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.238ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V(x,y,z)}" loading="lazy"></span> für das skalare <a href="Skalarpotential" title="Skalarpotential">Potential</a> eines Feldes steht, unter dessen Einfluss sich das Teilchen bewegt.
Weitere wichtige Beispiele sind der <a href="Impulsoperator" title="Impulsoperator">Impulsoperator</a> oder die <a href="Drehimpulsoperator" class="mw-redirect" title="Drehimpulsoperator">Drehimpulsoperatoren</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Endlichdimensionale_Beispiele">Endlichdimensionale Beispiele</h3></div>
<p>Ein zweidimensionales Beispiel erhält man durch die Behandlung des <a href="Spin" title="Spin">Spins</a>. Der Raum wird von den beiden Vektoren „Spin hoch“ <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (|{\mathord {\uparrow }}\rangle )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">↑<!-- ↑ --></mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (|{\mathord {\uparrow }}\rangle )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c5c2891a5b4c67862f439e9a325e589339cf22e0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.523ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (|{\mathord {\uparrow }}\rangle )}" loading="lazy"></span> und „Spin runter“ <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (|{\mathord {\downarrow }}\rangle )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">↓<!-- ↓ --></mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (|{\mathord {\downarrow }}\rangle )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b2d4e24ff24f44266e025dd5116a5af221ee4509.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.523ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (|{\mathord {\downarrow }}\rangle )}" loading="lazy"></span> erzeugt. Die Operatoren auf zweidimensionalen Räumen sind <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2\times 2}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2\times 2}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f8a0e3400ffb97d67c00267ed50cddfe824cbe80.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.165ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2\times 2}" loading="lazy"></span>-Matrizen, zum Beispiel die hermiteschen <a href="Pauli-Matrizen" title="Pauli-Matrizen">Pauli-Matrizen</a>.
</p><p>Ein endlichdimensionaler hermitescher Operator <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> (eine <a href="Hermitesche_Matrix" title="Hermitesche Matrix">hermitesche Matrix</a>) mit den Elementen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{ij}\in \mathbb {C} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{ij}\in \mathbb {C} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bef03eb51aa574c87c3152517d0bbb42f46027d7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:8.036ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{ij}\in \mathbb {C} }" loading="lazy"></span> wird wie folgt adjungiert:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A^{\dagger }={\begin{pmatrix}m_{11}&&m_{12}&&\cdots &&m_{1n}\\m_{21}&&m_{22}&&\cdots &&m_{2n}\\\vdots &&\vdots &&\ddots &&\vdots \\m_{n1}&&m_{n2}&&\cdots &&m_{nn}\end{pmatrix}}^{\dagger }={\begin{pmatrix}m_{11}^{*}&&m_{21}^{*}&&\cdots &&m_{n1}^{*}\\m_{12}^{*}&&m_{22}^{*}&&\cdots &&m_{n2}^{*}\\\vdots &&\vdots &&\ddots &&\vdots \\m_{1n}^{*}&&m_{2n}^{*}&&\cdots &&m_{nn}^{*}\end{pmatrix}},}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>†<!-- † --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>11</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>12</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>21</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>22</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo>⋮<!-- ⋮ --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>⋮<!-- ⋮ --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>⋱<!-- ⋱ --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>⋮<!-- ⋮ --></mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>†<!-- † --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msubsup>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>11</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<msubsup>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>21</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<msubsup>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msubsup>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>12</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<msubsup>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>22</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<msubsup>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo>⋮<!-- ⋮ --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>⋮<!-- ⋮ --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>⋱<!-- ⋱ --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>⋮<!-- ⋮ --></mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msubsup>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<msubsup>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<msubsup>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A^{\dagger }={\begin{pmatrix}m_{11}&&m_{12}&&\cdots &&m_{1n}\\m_{21}&&m_{22}&&\cdots &&m_{2n}\\\vdots &&\vdots &&\ddots &&\vdots \\m_{n1}&&m_{n2}&&\cdots &&m_{nn}\end{pmatrix}}^{\dagger }={\begin{pmatrix}m_{11}^{*}&&m_{21}^{*}&&\cdots &&m_{n1}^{*}\\m_{12}^{*}&&m_{22}^{*}&&\cdots &&m_{n2}^{*}\\\vdots &&\vdots &&\ddots &&\vdots \\m_{1n}^{*}&&m_{2n}^{*}&&\cdots &&m_{nn}^{*}\end{pmatrix}},}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c2f3f96ed9f68bbd43f97deb61aa54394748a17f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -6.698ex; margin-bottom: -0.306ex; width:78.79ex; height:15.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A^{\dagger }={\begin{pmatrix}m_{11}&&m_{12}&&\cdots &&m_{1n}\\m_{21}&&m_{22}&&\cdots &&m_{2n}\\\vdots &&\vdots &&\ddots &&\vdots \\m_{n1}&&m_{n2}&&\cdots &&m_{nn}\end{pmatrix}}^{\dagger }={\begin{pmatrix}m_{11}^{*}&&m_{21}^{*}&&\cdots &&m_{n1}^{*}\\m_{12}^{*}&&m_{22}^{*}&&\cdots &&m_{n2}^{*}\\\vdots &&\vdots &&\ddots &&\vdots \\m_{1n}^{*}&&m_{2n}^{*}&&\cdots &&m_{nn}^{*}\end{pmatrix}},}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{ji}^{*}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{ji}^{*}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bc2f530a3d334f871e32722e80556f361e7be496.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:3.518ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{ji}^{*}}" loading="lazy"></span> die <a href="Komplexe_Konjugation" title="Komplexe Konjugation">komplexe Konjugation</a> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{ji}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{ji}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4d74a181cb161e24ef90120adf81e50196827cfa.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:3.518ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{ji}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist. Es gilt also <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{ij}^{\dagger }=m_{ji}^{*}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>†<!-- † --></mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{ij}^{\dagger }=m_{ji}^{*}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fe317cacc36a3338bd576f081d187fbb13dc8362.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:10.134ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{ij}^{\dagger }=m_{ji}^{*}}" loading="lazy"></span>, das heißt, die <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (i,j)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>j</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (i,j)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8ef21910f980c6fca2b15bee102a7a0d861ed712.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.604ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (i,j)}" loading="lazy"></span>-te Komponente der Adjungierten ist die komplexe Konjugation der <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (j,i)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>j</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>i</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (j,i)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5f34fc97a634ea4ba7099ffc801a5268cc431bc6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.604ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (j,i)}" loading="lazy"></span>-ten Komponente der Ausgangsmatrix.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impulsoperator">Impulsoperator</h3></div>
<p>Das folgende einfache Beispiel zeigt deutlich den Unterschied zwischen symmetrischen und hermiteschen (=selbstadjungierten) Operatoren. Wir betrachten den Impulsoperator in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span>-Richtung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{x}=-\mathrm {i} \hbar {\frac {\partial }{\partial x}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ<!-- ℏ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{x}=-\mathrm {i} \hbar {\frac {\partial }{\partial x}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0fda1b2402cfb0648b3e8b702420b8a8e827fe60.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:13.009ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{x}=-\mathrm {i} \hbar {\frac {\partial }{\partial x}}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Genauer wird man als Definitionsbereich für die Funktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \psi (x)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \psi (x)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a596a1fb4130a47f6b88c66150497338bd6cbccc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.652ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \psi (x)}" loading="lazy"></span> ein endliches (oder unendliches) Intervall definieren, etwa <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x\in [0,1]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x\in [0,1]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/64a15936df283add394ab909aa7a5e24e7fb6bb2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.823ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x\in [0,1]}" loading="lazy"></span>, und wird zunächst nur festlegen wollen, dass die Funktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{x}\psi (x)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{x}\psi (x)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8a9f8da62dc5c0a3431c86f4d9e4a15f48b1fe4d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.317ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{x}\psi (x)}" loading="lazy"></span> auf dem angegebenen Intervall quadratintegrabel ist. Es bleibt dann die Frage, welche Randbedingungen man für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \psi (x)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \psi (x)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a596a1fb4130a47f6b88c66150497338bd6cbccc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.652ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \psi (x)}" loading="lazy"></span> fordern soll. Zunächst ist man geneigt, anzunehmen, dass <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \psi (0)=\psi (1){\stackrel {!}{=}}0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits">
<mo>=</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>!</mo>
</mrow>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \psi (0)=\psi (1){\stackrel {!}{=}}0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/212585dd1d5b4964bde5892084f9097a8cdee1b5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.039ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \psi (0)=\psi (1){\stackrel {!}{=}}0}" loading="lazy"></span> sein sollte; denn dann ist – wie man leicht mittels <a href="Partielle_Integration" title="Partielle Integration">partieller Integration</a> zeigen kann – die „Symmetrie“ gegeben:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\langle \psi (x)|P_{x}\psi (x)\rangle &=\int _{0}^{1}\,\mathrm {d} x\,\psi (x)^{*}\,(P_{x}\psi (x))\\&=(-i\hbar )\{\psi ^{*}(1)\psi (1)-\psi ^{*}(0)\psi (0)\}+\int _{0}^{1}\,\mathrm {d} x\,(P_{x}\psi (x))^{*}\psi (x)\\&=\langle P_{x}\psi (x)|\psi (x)\rangle \end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<mi>x</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
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<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
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<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>i</mi>
<mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ<!-- ℏ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
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<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
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<mi>P</mi>
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<mi>x</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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</mtd>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\langle \psi (x)|P_{x}\psi (x)\rangle &=\int _{0}^{1}\,\mathrm {d} x\,\psi (x)^{*}\,(P_{x}\psi (x))\\&=(-i\hbar )\{\psi ^{*}(1)\psi (1)-\psi ^{*}(0)\psi (0)\}+\int _{0}^{1}\,\mathrm {d} x\,(P_{x}\psi (x))^{*}\psi (x)\\&=\langle P_{x}\psi (x)|\psi (x)\rangle \end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/14bab5e0f8ae0ea68698b7bd679009f1573f5057.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -7.338ex; width:74.19ex; height:15.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\langle \psi (x)|P_{x}\psi (x)\rangle &=\int _{0}^{1}\,\mathrm {d} x\,\psi (x)^{*}\,(P_{x}\psi (x))\\&=(-i\hbar )\{\psi ^{*}(1)\psi (1)-\psi ^{*}(0)\psi (0)\}+\int _{0}^{1}\,\mathrm {d} x\,(P_{x}\psi (x))^{*}\psi (x)\\&=\langle P_{x}\psi (x)|\psi (x)\rangle \end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>weil beim „Überwälzen“ der Ableitung von rechts nach links durch die partielle Integration unter dem Integral, dem letzten Term vor dem äußersten Gleichheitszeichen, ein Minuszeichen entsteht, das durch den Term <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -i}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>i</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -i}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/91fddb9f89a520937db3a8821575068cdcc76f60.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:2.611ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -i}" loading="lazy"></span> und den Übergang zum konjugiert Komplexen kompensiert wird, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -i^{*}=+i}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>i</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>i</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -i^{*}=+i}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/38a76bd0f039ac0c637d5cef655d6c3806944e20.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:9.374ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -i^{*}=+i}" loading="lazy"></span>, während die Randterme bei der Integration explizit Null ergeben. Die Randterme kompensieren sich aber auch zu Null, wenn man nur fordert, dass die Funktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \psi (x)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \psi (x)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a596a1fb4130a47f6b88c66150497338bd6cbccc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.652ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \psi (x)}" loading="lazy"></span> die Bedingung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \psi (0)\equiv \psi (1)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>≡<!-- ≡ --></mo>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \psi (0)\equiv \psi (1)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dee9b456c9ebb62d0c7f4b317004eab228845c28.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.068ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \psi (0)\equiv \psi (1)}" loading="lazy"></span> erfüllen soll.
</p><p>Mit der zweiten, der <i>abgeschwächten</i> Randbedingung ist das System aber nicht bloß „symmetrisch“, wie mit der ersten Randbedingung, sondern sogar selbstadjungiert. Das ist nicht nur mathematisch, sondern physikalisch relevant: Nur so erhält man Messbarkeit und ein vollständiges System von Eigenfunktionen. Diese sind hier konkret benennbar, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \psi _{n}(x)\sim \exp(i2\pi n\,x)\,,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>∼<!-- ∼ --></mo>
<mi>exp</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>i</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mi>n</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \psi _{n}(x)\sim \exp(i2\pi n\,x)\,,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c356cff168b05726193cdf0ee134681e98b41383.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:21.773ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \psi _{n}(x)\sim \exp(i2\pi n\,x)\,,}" loading="lazy"></span> wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span> die ganzen Zahlen durchläuft. Dagegen würde zu der erstgenannten Randbedingung keine einzige dieser Funktionen passen, denn sie haben alle an der entscheidenden Stelle, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/953917eaf52f2e1baad54c8c9e3d6f9bb3710cdc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.591ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x=0}" loading="lazy"></span>, von Null verschiedene Werte.
</p><p>Die erstgenannte Randbedingung ist also unphysikalisch und nur mit speziellen nicht-trivialen Potentialen näherungsweise realisierbar, während bei der zweiten Randbedingung freie Elektronen und verschwindendes Potential angenommen werden können.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mathematische_Bemerkungen">Mathematische Bemerkungen</h2></div>
<p>Schon obige Beispiele zeigen, dass die quantenmechanischen Operatoren nicht auf alle Ket-Vektoren angewendet werden können. Das Ergebnis der Multiplikation mit der <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span>-Koordinate liegt im Allgemeinen nicht mehr im Hilbertraum <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L^{2}(\mathbb {R} ^{3})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L^{2}(\mathbb {R} ^{3})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fea82a03183a3de22485cf18c7c1e78e83848940.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.179ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L^{2}(\mathbb {R} ^{3})}" loading="lazy"></span> der Ket-Vektoren, und im Falle des Hamilton-Operators fehlt es manchen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ba162c66ca85776c83557af5088cc6f8584d1912.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.637ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>-Funktionen an Differenzierbarkeitseigenschaften. Da nutzt auch eine Verallgemeinerung auf <a href="Distribution_(Mathematik)" title="Distribution (Mathematik)">Distributionsableitungen</a> nichts, da nicht alle solche Ableitungen wieder im Raum der Ket-Vektoren liegen. Man ist daher gezwungen, die Operatoren in ihrem Wirkungsbereich auf einen <a href="Unterraum" title="Unterraum">Unterraum</a> einzuschränken, der aber wenigstens noch eine <a href="Dichte_Teilmenge" title="Dichte Teilmenge">dichte Teilmenge</a> im Raum aller Ket-Vektoren ist. Ist in physikalischen Darstellungen bei einer Operatorengleichung von „allen“ Ket-Vektoren die Rede, so sind immer alle des Definitionsbereichs der beteiligten Operatoren gemeint.
</p><p>Die Beschränkung auf einen Teilraum hat zur Folge, dass auch der adjungierte Operator nicht überall definiert ist. Die Forderung, dass <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \langle \varphi |A|\varphi \rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \langle \varphi |A|\varphi \rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f8d4384e4af94ed009f36ec7358a79e12aa28763.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.886ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \langle \varphi |A|\varphi \rangle }" loading="lazy"></span> für alle Ket-Vektoren (aus dem Definitionsbereich von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span>) reell ist, bedeutet dann, dass <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A^{\dagger }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>†<!-- † --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A^{\dagger }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/253906923e0ca67ef31e4e2d99b9783ba62bebc5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.705ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A^{\dagger }}" loading="lazy"></span> eine Erweiterung des Operators <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> ist, das heißt der Definitionsbereich von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A^{\dagger }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>†<!-- † --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A^{\dagger }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/253906923e0ca67ef31e4e2d99b9783ba62bebc5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.705ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A^{\dagger }}" loading="lazy"></span> umfasst denjenigen von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> und beide Operatoren stimmen auf letzterem überein. Solche Operatoren nennt man <a href="Symmetrischer_Operator" title="Symmetrischer Operator">symmetrisch</a>.
</p><p>Symmetrische Operatoren sind im Allgemeinen nicht <a href="Selbstadjungierter_Operator" title="Selbstadjungierter Operator">selbstadjungiert</a>, das heißt im Allgemeinen gilt nicht <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A=A^{\dagger }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>†<!-- † --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A=A^{\dagger }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5b0172f64d4ec7fe8a6b02d03eee5d19a930597e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.547ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A=A^{\dagger }}" loading="lazy"></span>, denn dazu müssten die Definitionsbereiche beider Operatoren übereinstimmen. Die physikalisch relevanten Operatoren, die messbare Größen beschreiben, sind aber selbstadjungiert, denn nur dann hat man den vollen <a href="Spektralsatz" title="Spektralsatz">Spektralsatz</a> (in der Sprache der Physik: den „<a href="Spektralsatz" title="Spektralsatz">Entwicklungssatz</a>“) zur Verfügung. Diesen braucht man u. a. in der axiomatischen Behandlung des quantenmechanischen Messprozesses (siehe z. B. <a href="Zustand_(Quantenmechanik)" title="Zustand (Quantenmechanik)">quantenmechanischer Zustand</a>) und bei der konkreten Berechnung von <b>Funktionen von Operatoren</b>, wie das etwa durch den <a href="Unbeschr%C3%A4nkter_Borel-Funktionalkalk%C3%BCl" title="Unbeschränkter Borel-Funktionalkalkül">Unbeschränkten Borel-Funktionalkalkül</a> ermöglicht wird. Oft kann man symmetrische Operatoren durch gewisse <a href="Abgeschlossener_Operator" title="Abgeschlossener Operator">Abschlussoperationen</a> zu selbstadjungierten Operatoren erweitern. Das gilt insbesondere für nach unten beschränkte Operatoren, wie sie bei Hamilton-Operatoren auftreten, denn Energien sind nach unten beschränkt, siehe dazu die <a href="Friedrichssche_Erweiterung" title="Friedrichssche Erweiterung">Friedrichssche Erweiterung</a>.
</p><p>In vielen Physik-Lehrbüchern wird kein großes Gewicht auf diesen Unterschied gelegt. Zum einen bringt die Betrachtung der Definitionsbereiche meist keine tieferen physikalischen Einsichten über das betrachtete System, und des Weiteren kann man sich in der Regel darauf verlassen, dass die Verwendung der „richtigen“ Operatoren, gepaart mit der „richtigen“ physikalischen Intuition, zu „richtigen“ Ergebnissen führt. Ferner liegen alle physikalisch relevanten Funktionen, auf die es die Operatoren anzuwenden gilt, nämlich die Eigenfunktionen, stets im Definitionsbereich. Vorsicht ist auch bei den sogenannten „uneigentlichen Eigenfunktionen“ angebracht (z. B. bei Dirac-Funktionen oder bei monochromatischen Wellen), denn diese sind nicht normierbar und liegen daher nicht im Raum der Ket-Vektoren.
</p><p>Die diracsche Notation unterstützt die pragmatische Herangehensweise der Physiker. Eine mathematisch vollständige Darstellung der Quantenmechanik bis einschließlich der Lösung des <a href="Wasserstoffproblem" class="mw-redirect" title="Wasserstoffproblem">Wasserstoffproblems</a> findet man im unten angegebenen Lehrbuch von <a href="Hans_Triebel" title="Hans Triebel">Hans Triebel</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bei den endlichdimensionalen <a href="Vektorraum" title="Vektorraum">Vektorräumen</a> der <a href="Lineare_Algebra" title="Lineare Algebra">linearen Algebra</a> sind alle Begriffe identisch.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Die Definition eines Operators <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> mit der Eigenschaft "hermitesch im engeren Sinne" (hier: „symmetrisch“) ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \langle \psi _{a}|A\psi _{b}\rangle =\langle A\psi _{a}|\psi _{b}\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>A</mi>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \langle \psi _{a}|A\psi _{b}\rangle =\langle A\psi _{a}|\psi _{b}\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/02ca436f3b301add2dca3eeb640884fbc64b0d9c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:21.629ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \langle \psi _{a}|A\psi _{b}\rangle =\langle A\psi _{a}|\psi _{b}\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span> für alle Zustände <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \psi _{a}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \psi _{a}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b31c251dc199e950d303585217e1f7f14e810ca2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.615ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \psi _{a}}" loading="lazy"></span> bzw. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \psi _{b}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \psi _{b}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f9f5b26b440d19defa2847bba8e04e3fc0d23cf6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.451ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \psi _{b}}" loading="lazy"></span> aus dem Definitionsbereich des Operators <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> in einem komplexen Hilbertraum mit Skalarprodukt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \langle .|.\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mo>.</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>.</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \langle .|.\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7e5c1d54557049314a6ae2d77237ba487a1d0be0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.524ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \langle .|.\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span>. Als „hermitesch im weiteren Sinn“ (oder besser: „selbstadjungiert“) bezeichnet man dagegen Operatoren, für die <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A^{\dagger }=A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>†<!-- † --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A^{\dagger }=A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2b879bee97a5bb9e565595594d36b56ce93094b7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.547ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A^{\dagger }=A}" loading="lazy"></span> gilt, während „hermitesch im engeren Sinne“ nur impliziert, dass <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A^{\dagger }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>†<!-- † --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A^{\dagger }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/253906923e0ca67ef31e4e2d99b9783ba62bebc5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.705ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A^{\dagger }}" loading="lazy"></span> eine Erweiterung von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> ist, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A^{\dagger }\supseteq {A}\,.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>†<!-- † --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⊇<!-- ⊇ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A^{\dagger }\supseteq {A}\,.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d491248a294a90f91f247d866b0788da29e5411e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:8.581ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A^{\dagger }\supseteq {A}\,.}" loading="lazy"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Siegfried Großmann: <i>Funktionalanalysis</i>, Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, Bd. 2, S. 189 bezeichnet selbstadjungiert-beschränkte Operatoren als hermitesch</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Werner_D%C3%B6ring" title="Werner Döring">Werner Döring</a>: <i>Einführung in die Quantenmechanik</i>, Göttingen 1962 benutzt dagegen den Begriff „hypermaximal hermitesch“ als Synonym für <a href="Selbstadjungierter_Operator" title="Selbstadjungierter Operator">„selbstadjungiert“</a> (dieses Synonym stammt ursprünglich von <a href="John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a>) und den Begriff "hermitesch" anstelle von "symmetrisch"</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">In dem Lehrbuch von Michael Reed und Barry Simon: <i>Methods of Mathematical Physics</i>, Band 1, Academic Press, 1980 wird auf S. 255 "hermitesch" synonym zu "symmetrisch und dicht definiert" definiert</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Albert Messiah: <i>Quantenmechanik</i>, 2 Bände, de Gruyter 1976, 1991, Bd. 1 ISBN 3-11-011452-6, Bd. 2 ISBN 3-11-012669-9, französisches Original: <i>Mécanique quantique</i>, Dunod, Paris 1959, 1964, 1969, Englische Übersetzung: <i>Quantum Mechanics</i>, New York, Interscience und Amsterdam, North Holland, 1961/62</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Die Mathematiker schreiben für den adjungierten Operator oft <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A^{\ast }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A^{\ast }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5541bfa07743be995242c892c344395e672d6fa2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.797ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A^{\ast }}" loading="lazy"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans Triebel: <i>Höhere Analysis</i>, Berlin, Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften 1972, 2. Auflage, Harri Deutsch 1980, (englisch Higher Analysis, Barth 1992)</span>
</li>
</ol></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
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